In the dog the skin incision is made in the caudal abdominal skin just lateral to the prepuce on the side of the cryptorchid testicle. For more information on this subject, speak to the veterinarian who is treating your pet. Monitor the wound for any evidence of infection, fluid accumulation, or breakdown. Summary. The third eyelid is everted and stabilized with stay sutures. In fact, the male cat with this condition should not be used in a breeding program. Entry into the abdomen, assuming abdominal cryptorchidism, would, therefore, fail to reveal the cryptorchid testicle. Please enter a valid Email address! Postpubertal abnormalities associated with cryptorchidism (e.g., testis tumors, atypical concentrations of reproductive hormones, altered Even with recent advances in DNA testing, the genetics of cryptorchidism are still not fully understood. If the testicles have not descended by 8 weeks of age, they are considered to be cryptorchid, or retained. Also he is still on cage rest at the moment so I suppose that is better for the stitches to heal Silver linings eh? Then over a period of approximately two weeks, they start dropping into the scrotum through a narrow channel called the 'inguinal canal'. If you are concerned about your pets health, please contact your vet directly. Bluntly break down any peritoneal attachments with your fingers. There is also a risk of testicular torsion (twisting that reduces or cuts off the blood supply), which can cause sudden and extreme pain. This occurs when there is torsion of the spermatic cord. Whilst the condition occurs in up to 1 in 10 dogs, it's much rarer in our feline . R P Amann and D N R Veeramachaneni. To confirm that the testis is indeed undescended, examine the inguinal rings. The cryptorchid testicle can be located anywhere along the path from the area of fetal development of the gonads (just caudal to the caudal pole of the kidney) to the subcutaneous tissue between the external inguinal ring and the scrotum. Dogs weighing 10 25kg. Cryptorchidism in Cats Cryptorchidism is a condition characterized by incomplete or nonexistent descent of the testes. Repairing a lacerated eyelid uses the same principles as the V-lid resection. Thanks for the reassurance! Just like for the standard midline approach to the abdomen in dogs, bruising or seroma formation occasionally occurs due to ineffective subcutaneous dead space closure or poor hemostasis. Dont hesitate to contact your vet if you have concerns before their check-up. Luckily, a blood test can be performed in these cases, so your pet will not need to undergo unnecessary surgery. As above, for dogs more than 45kg bodyweight. The process can take a little longer in some dogs, but if both testicles havent dropped by 6 months old its very unlikely that they will. The lid margins near the lateral canthus should be incised for 3 4 mm and sutured with a two layer closure. I wasn't too worried as I know cats can be done . The modified Hotz-Celsus technique consists of excision of enough skin and orbicularis oculi m. to slightly evert the eyelid. Small single incision, therefore less risk for abdominal hernias, Reduced bruising/swelling of the abdominal incision, Reduced risk of surgical errors made such as inadvertent removal of the bladder or prostate, Prevents life-threatening transformation of an intra-abdominal testicle into cancer, Procedure can be performed on an outpatient basis, and patient can go home on the day of the procedure. Neutering is recommended to prevent future problems. But once it is found, the process is similar to a normal neuter. The most common type of testicular cancer that develops in these cases is called a Sertoli cell tumor. Fortunately, its possible to remove most undescended testicles surgically, however, the exact operation your dog needs will depend on where his testicles(s) are sitting. Contact your vet if your dogs testicles arent both in the scrotum by the time they are 6 months old. Caudal reflection of the urinary bladder, exposing the dorsal surface of the bladder, will allow visualization of both ductus deferens. In dogs, the most commonly affected breeds are: When it comes to cats, Persians are the breed seemingly most affected. Perform a sponge count and remove all pads and instruments from the abdomen. May cause more hemorrhage in abdominal wall compared to midline approach. To begin with, when a male puppy born, his testicles are inside his body. Skin is closed with 4-0 or 5-0 non-absorbable suture in a simple interrupted pattern. While serious complications are rare, they can develop. Only allows limited access to caudal abdomen. If you expect that you will need access to the urethra (e.g., to flush urinary calculi from the urethra) thoroughly irrigate the prepuce with antiseptic solution and position the prepuce within your sterile field. It is best to place the most central aspect of the wound first. In addition, gently flush the cornea and conjunctiva with eyewash. Cryptorchidism diagnosis is made on physical examination when one or both testes are not present within the dependent portion of the scrotal sac. Postoperative care consists of systemic antibiotics and NSAIDs for pain. If you cannot find what you're looking for, try a search, or contact us. At Vetrica we have a clear, open pricing policy. Surgical removal of the normal and retained testes is the only treatment for cryptorchidism. Steroids may be used when severe tissue swelling is present and infection is absent. Vet Rec 2016, SS Nair. Smaller branches of this vessel course both lateral and more superficial in the muscle. Pigs can also have ectopic testicular tissue. JavaScript is disabled. Including 3 days pain relief. Learn how to create a happy, healthy home for your pet. They will still exhibit male behaviors. A cryptorchid horse's testes may be located under the skin near the inguinal canal, within the canal, or outside the abdominal cavity. The gubernaculums testis can also be followed from the inguinal ring to the undescended testis. Spay/Neuter prices are determined by the size of your dog or cat. Sutures can be removed in two weeks. More importantly, the genes responsible for cryptorchidism can be carried by both sexes, so both parents should avoid further breeding. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline 5th Edition. Dr. Patty Khuly, VMD MBA. Other symptoms include loss of hair along trunk and flank, and hyperpigmentation of inguinal skin. What Is the Treatment for Cryptorchidism? . And the most common problem is that the kitten will need surgical neutering verses the common neuter. Ensure that the structure being ligated and removed is in fact the testis. Your vet will probably recommend an operation to remove them to stop them causing problems. Nia M. Perkins, DVM is an accomplished veterinary expert with two decades of hands-on small animal clinical experience in private practice and shelters. In cryptorchid cats, testes produce testosterone and the cats show typical secondary sex characteristics of urine marking, aggressive behavior, and urine odor. Philip A. Bushby, DVM, DACVS. In these dogs, estrogen-secreting Sertoli cell tumors in retained testes produce feminizing signs including excessive development of breasts. Approximately 75% of cases of cryptorchidism involve only one retained testicle while the remaining 25% involve failure of both testicles to descend into the scrotum. Entry into the abdomen is on the midline through the linea alba and allows exposure of the urinary bladder. In dogs and cats, cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both testicles have failed to descend into the scrotum generally by 2 to 4 months of age. Urinary Calculi Removal through Paramedian Approach. This condition does have some genetic predisposition, but the exact mode is unknown. As with any operation, your dog will need to be monitored closely while they recover. Treatment for cryptorchidism can be expensive, so its important you take out dog insurance or cat insurance to ensure you are able to get your pet the best care if they do suffer from this dangerous condition. Inguinal or pre-scrotal testes are removed using a typical castration incision or by incising directly over the retained testis if its location is far from the standard midline incision. 84638), Registered office: 57 Ladymead, Guildford, Surrey GU1 1DB. Location of undescended testes differs greatly among species. 1 In dogs, incidence ranges from 1% to 15% depending on the distribution of breeds in the study region. Usually, they descend to their proper place during the two weeks or so after birth, but may take up to six months. Whilst a male dog or cat is still a foetus (before it is born), the testicles are positioned near the kidneys inside the abdomen. The following pages detail most of our fees. Retained testicles can cause problems such as becoming cancerous or twisted (both potentially life-threatening conditions), so its important to have them removed while your dog is young. The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Abdominal retained testes can be located anywhere between the kidney and the inguinal ring. For health-related questions, always consult your veterinarian, as they have examined your pet, know the pet's health history, and can make the best recommendations for your pet. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. It is very rare for an animal not to have testicles entirely. Equine Oral, Esophageal and Rectal disorders. He will be closely monitored by the veterinary team until released. Financial Services Register No. The most common signs of cryptorchidism are male marking behavior (spraying), male cat-associated odors, and aggression. Pet Plan Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. 311969. . Ultrasound Diagnosis of Cryptorchidism in Sheep. Veterinary Cost. Oh, poor! Once the testicles are retrieved, they are removed through the incision and the stalks are tied off. This advice is for UK pets only. The production of testosterone, however, is not affected by the intra-abdominal location of the testicle. Avoid the caudal superficial epigastric vessels, which run longitudinal and parallel to nipples. Cryptorchidism is considered an inherited tendency. Cryptorchidism is much less common in cats than in dogs. Home - Medical Articles for Pet Owners - Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy. Its likely that they will recommend an operation to remove them. A few special instruments, understanding of the anatomy and the procedures and the willingness to try are all that is necessary. This means that the operation will be longer and more expensive than a standard cat castration, although the surgery is rarely particularly dangerous and . Once drowsy, he will receive an injection that will put him into a deeper sleep. There are no reliable data for pigs, but subcutaneous locations might predominate. :smile: Oh dearyes, my boy just had one (but the vet said it was a big one!) Create a skin incision about 1 cm parallel and lateral to the nipples from the level of the cranial aspect of the prepuce to about 34 cm cranial to the pubic bone (palpate this landmark under the skin). Abdominal cryptorcidism. Isolate the bladder with moist laparotomy sponges. If you have been unable to locate one, or both of, your pets testicles by the time they have reached six months, you should visit the vet to discuss treatment options. An incision will be made based on where the testicle is located. Limited activity is recommended, especially when it involves opening of the abdomen. A total of 29 cases of cryptorchism [0.56%] were detected; 86% of cases were unilateral. Because cryptorchidism requires sterilization and because cryptorchid sterilization is not considered routine, the expense associated with treating cryptorchid animals is . and the op was a bit nasty quite a long scar, but he didn't need a cage, just kept in. Dogs with cryptorchid testicles are prone to testicular torsion and cancer. If you suspect your pet is sick, call your vet immediately. Elizabethan collars are typically recommended to prevent licking or chewing at the incision. Sometimes a full medical history is not always available for example, in the case of rescue animals. We waited until he was 6.5 months, that is all - I didn't want him to start spraying etc. Generally, this process will be fully completed by the time the dog is two months old, but occasionally later- up to four or six months is not considered abnormal. Please contact us for details. Cryptorchid testicles are commonly found abdominally in swine. Jump to Latest Follow 1 - 15 of 15 Posts . The national average cost of abdominal cryptorchid orchiectomy is $600. Tying the suture in a bow over a stent allows for temporary release of the flap and visualization of the cornea. He's so cute! The simplest method is the transconjunctival technique. Cryptorchidism is a medical term referring to the incomplete or nonexistent descent of the testicles in a male cat. These pages are for guidance only. 2023 BluePearl Holdings LLC. Patients that have been seen and charged a full price examination or vaccination within the previous 12 months will receive a 20% discount. < Cryptorchid Castration Cryptorchid Castration- Additional Notes >, 8.3 Vaginal Tunic and Epididymal Attachment, Cryptorchid Castration Additional Notes, Cryptorchid Castration- Additional Notes >, Chapter 4: Suture Materials and Suture Patterns, Chapter 9: Exploratory Celiotomy (Laparotomy), Chapter 14: Surgeries of the Lower Urinary Tract, Chapter 22: Surgeries of the Upper Urinary Tract. 2023 American Modern Insurance Group, Inc. For all female dogs and small breed male dogs, we recommend spaying or neutering around 5 months of age. Your dog will need a check-up 2-3 days after their operation. Present an alternate approach for limited access to the caudal abdomen in male dogs. Symptoms of Cryptorchidism in Cats The cat will generally not exhibit any concerning health symptoms unless the retained testicles are left in the body until adulthood. Entropion and ectropion repair, correction of prolapse of the third eyelid, excision of small eyelid tumors, resection of nasal skin folds and enucleation are all surgeries that can be done in the shelter surgery suite. Sutures can be removed in 7 to 10 days. If the surgery aim is to remove an abdominal ectopic testis, find the ductus deferens and follow this structure to the testis. Allows continuation of exploration outside abdominal cavity along inguinal region to scrotum, if needed. The deep epigastric vessel runs about 12 cm lateral to the linea alba just deep to the rectus abdominus muscle. The excessive nasal skin is excised with curved Metzenbaum scissors. If your dog requires non-dissolvable skin sutures they will need to be removed by your veterinarian about two weeks after surgery. Testicles usually descend around 6-16 weeks of age. It's important to recognise the signs and symptoms of cryptorchidism, including if your pet looks different to other animals, as these differences can potentially lead to serious, life-threatening conditions. they include a routine general anaesthetic, antibiotic, and post-operative pain-relief for 24 hours in every case, and 3 days in the case of bitch spays, provided as medication to be administered at home. Once the rectus fascia is visible, locate the lateral edge of the rectus muscle (this is seen as a line between the whitish fascia of the rectus muscle and the more reddish-appearing external abdominal oblique muscle). Cryptorchidism occurs when one or both of the testicles are not in the scrotum (or sac). When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. (10) (PDF) Cryptorchidism in Sheep: A Clinical and Abattoir Survey in the United Kingdom. Intra-abdominal surgery (laparotomy) is required unless the testicle is positioned just beneath the skin). Palpation of the testicle in the subcutaneous tissue leads to a diagnosis of subcutaneous cryptorchidism. Usually, they descend to their proper place during the two weeks or so after birth, but may take up to six months. Dr. Bartley Harrison is a veterinarian with more than 15 years of professional veterinary experience treating dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, birds, and small mammals, with a specific focus on Emergency Medicine. Dogs weighing 25 45kg. If the deep epigastric vessels are accidentally disrupted, ligate the bleeding vessels with chromic catgut sutures. Is your dog or cat susceptible to Cryptorchidism? The condition of hidden testicles or cryptorchidism (from the Greek crypto, meaning 'hidden' and orchid meaning 'testicle') affects dogs and cats. Nevertheless, affected animals should never be bred from and shouldalwaysbe castrated. Dr. Harrison is part of The Spruce Pets veterinary review board. The eyelid margins are incised for 3 4 mm. Neuters are performed under general anesthesia, so if he is deemed healthy, a sedative and pain medication will be given. TRUE. Large Animal Surgery - Supplemental Notes by Erin Malone, DVM, PhD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Most cases can be resolved for under $1000. Once your dog has recovered you will need to return them to exercise gradually. A dilute Betadine solution (1:30 to 1:50) is recommended for all ocular surfaces. When this occurs gentle tension on the ductus deferens will allow visualization of the ductus deferens entering the inguinal canal. Pain medication will most likely be sent home, sometimes along with medicine to help keep your dog calm. Abdominal testes can vary in size and shape. Wellness Rewards is offered as a supplementary, non-insurance benefit administered by Embrace Pet Insurance Agency in the United States. Written by vets and vet nurses. If the ductus is followed to the inguinal ring (this means you did not detect that the testicle is outside the abdominal cavity), first gently pull on the ductus to determine if the testis is in the ringif it is not, bluntly dissect external to the inguinal rings to find the spermatic cord. A figure 8 suture can be placed at the eyelid margin. A medial canthoplasty is used to correct lagophthalmos or medial entropion. The incidence is significantly lower in cats but the condition is considered relatively common nonetheless. A higher incidence of cryptorchidism has been reported in small-breed compared to large-breed dogs [15]. The word is based on the Greek words kryptos meaning "hidden" and orchis meaning "testicle". Anim. Laparoscopic surgery usually is performed on an outpatient basis, meaning that your companion likely will not need to spend the night in the hospital. Because estrogen exposure during pregnancy has also been associated with cryptorchidism, care should be taken to minimize a bitch or queen's exposure to exogenous hormones during gestation. There can be possible complications if the vet does not know whether the animal has been castrated or if they are indeed cryptorchidic. Cryptorchism is defined as the failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum. Retained testicles are often hereditary (passed from parent to puppy), and is most common in certain pedigree breeds of dog, such as the: Its important not to breed from cryptorchid dogs because its very often a genetic problem passed from parent to puppy. Table of Contents Is cryptorchidism covered by pet insurance UK? Come join the discussion about breeding, health, behaviour, housing, adopting, care, classifieds, and more! The third eyelid flap, like the temporary tarsorrhaphy, serves as a physiologic bandage in the case of corneal trauma. Cryptorchidism is a common defect in dogs. Gently teasing the musculature of the internal inguinal ring apart with a blunt instrument is often enough to allow delivery of the testicle back into the abdomen for removal. In the fetus, a structure called the gubernaculum connects the testicle to the scrotum. . If needed the upper puncta can be sacrificed. Its likely that your dog will be given a protective cone/buster collar to stop them licking and nibbling at their wound. While it would seem that cryptorchidism is a fairly benign condition, a trio of problems can be related to its occurrence: affected animals are sterile in the undescended testicle(s), as the affected gonad will typically fail to develop normally outside its normal position in the scrotum, animals with only one undescended testicle (a reported 75% of cryptorchid cases) are potentially able to pass on the hereditary trait associated with cryptorchidism, and. Another potential complication of a cryptorchid testicle may be torsion, or twisting of the blood vessels around the spermatic duct. An undescended testicle (or "testis") is when it fails to drop into the normal place in the scrotum. Abdominal cryptorchids (60) were common than inguinal (23); 69% percent of cases were unilateral. The cost of abdominal cryptorchid orchiectomy will vary based on standards of living and additional costs incurred, but typically ranges from $300 to $1,000. I hope they find them both, but 5.5 months is not early for a ped, and whether he's a ped or not makes no difference really. This anatomical feature makes it extremely easy to find an abdominal testicle. External examination for cryptorchidism was carried out on 5134 young male lambs carried out in 2001 at Foot and Mouth Disease disposal sites, and on farms, during the UK outbreakof the disease. I wasn't too worried as I know cats can be done really early without ill effects, was more worried about his regular anaesthetic doses. . An incision is made 1 2 mm from the lid margin for the full length of the affected segment of the lid. Larger dogs or testicles that are deeper within the abdomen may resolve in a more involved surgery which will mean additional cost. Cryptorchism is defined as the failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum. Incise through the subcutaneous tissue and ligate or electrocoagulate small lateral branches of the epigastric vessels. The prognosis following neuter via laparoscopic surgery removal is excellent, provided that the abdominal testicle does not have cancer in it and that there is no spread of cancer to other organs. On the lateral half of the external rectus fascia there are 2 separate fascial sheets (the fused fascial sheets of the abdominal oblique muscles, and the fascial sheet of the transversus abdominis muscle. The cryptorchid neuter is a fairly common procedure and most vets are very comfortable performing the operation. Gentle tension on the ductus deferens would confirm that the ductus deferens passes through the inguinal canal. The testes develop near the kidneys within the abdomen and normally descend into the scrotum by two months of age. 121849. around his thigh they would whip both out now. There are usually sutures placed underneath the skin and skin glue put on top. For larger testicles, with larger spermatic cords I will clamp the spermatic cord with hemostats, transect distal to the most distal hemostat and place a ligature using Miller's knot in the area of the spermatic cord crushed by the most proximal hemostat. Postoperative care consists of topical antibiotics and placement of an E-Collar. The basic ophthalmic pack should contain a Bard Parker scalpel handle, Bishop Harmon forceps, Stevens tenotomy scissors (curved), a small curved Metzenbaum scissors, a Wescott tenotomy scissors, a Derf of Webster holder, a 19 gauge irrigation cannula, Barraquer eyelid specula (various sizes), a Jaeger Lid Plate, and a Desmarres Chalazion forceps. I don't have any experience on this. The cost of abdominal cryptorchid orchiectomy will vary depending on the patient's style of living and any additional expenses incurred, but it is generally between $300 and $1,000 in most cases. Dogs weighing more than 45kg. This can last for several hours, but they will start to feel much better as the anaesthetic drugs wear-off (usually within 24-48 hours). Approximately 70% of cryptorchid testes are palpable within the upper portion of the scrotum or inguinal canal, whereas the other 30% are not palpable, suggesting either an intra-abdominal . Some veterinarians may also place a catheter in the vein to administer fluids. . All prices are subject to change without notice. Via this port, an operating telescope is placed into the abdomen; the testicle is grasped with forceps and pulled out of the abdominal incision. All rights reserved. If the tumor spreads to other organs in the body, weight loss, loss of appetite, malaise, breathing difficulties and death may occur. Well, I don't know if it was the waiting that did it but they did find the retained one - apparently it was caught up somewhere so they had to make a second incision and "massage" it out! Close the external rectus fascia (both fascial sheets) in one layer with either a simple interrupted or simple continuous pattern. Extreme care must be taken to avoid irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva. Whilst the condition occurs in up to 1 in 10 dogs, it's much rarer in our feline friends. Cryptorchid dog being prepared for surgery - only one testicle in the scrotum. Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy technique Laparoscopic surgery usually is performed on an outpatient basis, meaning that your companion likely will not need to spend the night in the hospital. In both situations the right testis was more commonly affected than the left. In dogs, cryptorchidism is believed to be a sex-limited autosomal recessive trait, though the mode of inheritance may differ from breed to breed. Where unforseen intra- or post-operative complications occur, further charges may be applied. Your dog will be intubated during the procedure, meaning a tube, placed in his trachea, is connected to a machine that will help him breathe. When a dog is born, the testicles are generally located near the inguinal ring, an area around the groin, and are guided by the gubernaculum, a structure that . Abdominal Cryptorchid Feline, $45.50/testicle Canine, $119/testicle If the patient is an abdominal cryptorchid male (one or both testicles have not descended from the abdomen into the scrotum) and an abdominal incision is needed to perform the neuter. If the cryptorchid testicle is palpated in the subcutaneous tissue, incision directly over the testicle will allow exposure and removal of the testicle. The average cost of abdominal cryptorchid orchiectomy in the United States is $600. . Clinical signs of male feminization include enlargement of the nipples, enlargement of the mammary glands, thin hair coat, a stripe of inflammation located on the prepuce, and pale gums due to anemia. Cryptorchidism, a condition in which one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum, is more commonly found in purebred dogs. For this reason, "cryptorchid neuter" surgeries are often priced similarly to the intra-abdominal surgery undertaken for female sterilization (spay). If the testicles are located under the skin in the groin, your vet may be able to remove them through a small incision in the skin. Sutures should be removed in 7 to 10 days. Just click, How to Surgically Manage Cryptorchid DogsA Practical Limited Paramedian Approach in Male Dogs, World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress Proceedings, 2019, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 7c407bbf-5481-49c1-8898-8df855ef991b.1677967879, VINcyclopedia of Diseases (Formerly Associate), Books & VINcyclopedia of Diseases (Formerly Associate), Anesthetic Challenges in Geriatric Patients, Video-Based Learning of Acute Pain Management, History Taking for Feline Behavior Problems, Canine Rehabiltation and Biological Therapy, Anesthesia in Small Animal Cardiac Patient, Patients with Concurrent Cardiac & Renal Disease, CVMA - Interventional Medicine / Radiology, Remarketing, CTR, Meta Title, Display Network, Forensic Behavioural Analysis: FEASAC Framework, Forensic Behavioural Analysis: Five Domains 1, Forensic Behavioural Analysis: Five Domains 2, Pharmacotherapy for Canine Fear & Aggression, Canine Cognitive Decline & Dysfunction Treatment, Canine Cognitive Decline & Dysfunction: Prevalence, Diagnosis, Increasing Revenue Through Perceived Value 1, Dental Radiology Techniques & Interpretation, Reasons for Dermatologic Treatment Failure, Strategies to Prevent Allergic Dermatitis, Ethical Assessment of Thoroughbred Racing, CVMA Global Summit: The Gold Standard of Animal Welfare, Acupuncture & Integrative Medical Approaches, Integrative Veterinary Medicine Protocols, Abdominal Ultrasound: Adrenal Glands, Lymph Nodes, Abdominal Ultrasound: Systematic Approach, Radiographic Interpretation of Dyspneic Cat, Lung Ultrasound & Confirming Pericardial Effusion, Detailed Abdominal Ultrasound in the Horse, Application of Fear Free & Low Stress Techniques, Diagnosis & Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections, Patient Centric Antimicrobial Stewardship, Using Validated Tools to Assess Acute Pain, Medicate Fear of Travel & Veterinary Visit, Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux & Hiatal Hernia, Diagnosis & Management of Feline Hypertension, Differentiate Conditions of Cervical Spine, Non-Healing Corneal Ulcers in Dogs & Cats, Antiviral Medications for Herpesvirus Cats, Communication for Multi-Generational Teams, How to Surgically Manage Cryptorchid Dogs, Using Nutritional Assessment of Dogs & Cats, Anesthesia Induction & Monitoring in Fish, Management of Canine & Feline Urolithiasis, Decision-Making Around Euthanasia & Chronic Pain, Brachycephaly & Breed-Associated Problems, Exploring Complex Phenotypes with Genomics, Common Canine Complexly Inherited Disorders, Welfare & Breeding for Extreme Conformation, Reading Language to Understand Emotional States, Reducing Patient Stress Through Chemistry. Breeds that are predisposed to this condition include cocker spaniels, Chihuahuas, miniature schnauzers and Persian cats.