Excluding steam eruptions, these volcanoes have shown activity: Mount St. Helens, Washington - Eruptions and/or lava dome growth occurred in the late 1700s, 1800-1857, 1980-1986, and 2004-2008. Zion National Park: Weeping Rock closed indefinitely after report suggests future danger. Deposits from the eruption are 13,000 feet thick in some areas of Southern Utah, and its remains can be found as far away as Nebraska, researcher Eric Christiansen said in a press release. "The main reason to go out there has nothing to do with the Veyo volcano and everything to do with the pies," he said with a laugh. He emerged from his SUV, holding a clipboard and wearing a well-worn baseball cap that said Captain Geo. Undaunted by the drizzle, he set up an impromptu lab in his trunk and for the next hour I got a mini course on Central Texas volcanism. Some scientists consider a volcano active if it has erupted in the holocene (historic times) period. Volcanic eruptions are among Earths most dramatic and powerful agents of change. Twenty million years of erosion has left this landform deeply eroded yet very . There are about 1,500 active volcanoes, many in the region of the Pacific Ocean. I graduated from the University of California, Riverside in 2009 with a BA in Art History after a STEM-focused high school career. Fuji has erupted at various times starting around 100,000 years agoand is still an active volcano today. Maintaining our website and our free apps does require, however, considerable time and resources. Many more are dormant or extinct. What are extinct or dead volcanoes? Yellowstone's famous caldera, whichlast went off more than640,000 years ago, can lay claim as North America's most well-known supervolcano. What is a hotspot and how do you know it's there? We report on vital issues from politics to education and are the indispensable authority on the Texas scene, covering everything from music to cultural events with insightful recommendations. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Mount Buninyong is an extinct volcano located 15 kilometers south of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. there are about 5 thousand volcanoes in the world that are extinct. Co-funded by the USGS and the U.S. Agency for International Developments Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA), At least 170 volcanoes in 12 Statesand 2 territories have erupted inthe past 12,000 years and havethe potential to erupt again. When it gets to the top, it comes out in such a way that a volcano is formed because lava stacks up on itself. All rights reserved. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS All around us were ripple marks caused by wave action pushing grains of calcium carbonate back and forth on the shallow seafloor, before everything was cemented into hard rock. Rhyolite lava (paisanite) from an earlier eruption is exposed in nearby highway roadcuts. Calupin volcano is the remnants of a cinder cone volcano. About 500 of those 1,350 volcanoes have erupted in historical time. What is the name of the deadliest volcano in US history? This is the tallest mountain in the United Kingdom, the British Isles, and Scotland. The volcano's scoria cone rises almost 200 meters above the surrounding terrain, making it one of Victoria's largest scoria volcanoes. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. They include two prominent volcanic domes at Knippa; Mount Inge, a volcanic plug near historic Fort Inge, and a roadcut three miles west of Sabinal, where you can see dark volcanic breccia rocks weathered by white caliche.Highlight: Mount Inge is a broad, dark dome (elevation 140 feet) that presides over the state historical park.Viewpoint: Fort Inge Historical Park, a mile south of Uvalde. Are there super volcanoes under the ocean? Saying Goodbye to Fairfield Lake State Park, Miniature Cattle Have Ambled Into Our Hearts and Onto Our Modest Acreages, Texas Women Fly-fishers Are Angling for Respect, One of Texass Coolest Caves Lies Beneath an Upscale San Antonio Neighborhood, But What About the Trees? Others are located throughout the west and in Hawaii (see our Volcano Activity Map for their locations). It has been erupting almost continuously since 1983.. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Why a dormant volcano is not a dead one,", "Life-cycle of Hawaiian hot spot volcanoes", "On This Day, 11 January 1962: Thousands killed in Peru landslide", "Origin of the Palau and Yap trench-arc systems,", "New Giant Volcano Below Sea Is Largest in the World", http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/edinburghs-geology/ "Edinburghs Geology", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_extinct_volcanoes&oldid=8639387, Tamu Massif in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. However, it does bring to light that our understanding of volcanoes and volcanic activity is still developing. Theyre associated with the same activity that created the Coastal Range in California. 2009-11-04 22:29:41. Choose from short, family-friendly hikes and longer walks to the canyon floor. Tambora just over 200 years ago Look! "Volcanic ash is not only dangerous to breathe, but it also produces climate change that has a wide-range effect on human habitation of the earth," Smith said. It is not a volcano but a folded mountain formed at the point of contact between the Indian and Eurasian. There are 161potentially active volcanoes in the United States and its territories. This page was last changed on 13 January 2023, at 08:37. Many of the bodies remain to serve as a grave reminder for those who follow. There are roughly 84 known super volcanoes in the world. Answer and Explanation: 1. Big fluctuations in climate, like when we had ice ages and extreme weather jumps, can oftentimes be linked to volcanoes, according to Smith. The United States ranks third, behind Indonesia and Japan, in the number of historically active volcanoes (that is, those for which we have written accounts of eruptions). . Mount Buninyong in Victoria Australia. Haleakal has erupted at least ten times in the past 1,000 years. We met on a rainy Sunday afternoon at the intersection of Dee Gabriel Collins Road and McKinney Falls Parkway, in far southeast Austina good spot, Long said, to view Pilot Knob from a distance. Of these 127 are active, about a third of all the world's active volcanoes. Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain in the northern Pacific Ocean. Subsequent erosion has, he said, excavated a moat into the soft volcanic material, while harder limestone upholds a low encircling escarpment. Though I didnt completely grasp the finer points of the geology, I was amazed at how this placid-looking hill had weathered so much upheaval in its very long existence. Siebert L, Simkin T (2002-present). In addition, about 10 percent of the more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years are located in the United States. At any given time, there is an average of about 20 volcanoes that are erupting. In September 2004, USGS scientists detected sudden, but unmistakable, signs that Mount St. Helens was waking up. Assessing the relative threats posed by U.S. volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant the greatest risk-mitigation efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey and its partners. The Mesa Falls super volcano last erupted about 2.1 million years ago and its caldera is about 10 miles (16 km) wide. Patricia Sharpe writes a regular restaurant column, Pats Pick, for Texas Monthly. Signs of unrest such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions are signs that a volcano is active. These numbers were current at the time of writing. Given what they know about the active volcanoes, have students identify the past source of the extinct volcano. Ask them to consider why the extinct volcanoes tend to be close to the active volcanoes. And this post will be updated if/when these numbers increase. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. There are many other volcanoes in the world that are larger than Krakatau. An eruption occurred 12 months later on May 21, 1915. Extinct volcanoes includes volcanoes which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again. Do yo. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. In the United States, volcanoes in the Cascade Range and Alaska (Aleutian volcanic chain) are part of the Ring, while Hawaiian volcanoes form over a 'hot spot' near the center of the Ring. From Snowdon and Ben Nevis to the Borrowdale hills, here is our guide to Britain's most impressive extinct volcanoes. [2], The extinct volcano no longer has a lava supply. Fire Ants Have Unleashed Chaos in Texas for Decades. Leave them blank to get signed up. Eruption of hot lava formed a shield volcano around the mountain, which is named as Sheridan Mountain. Yellowstone more likely to crack rather than explode. Nationwide Park Providers / General public Domain. Many of those are located along the Pacific Rim in what is known as the "Ring of Fire." Japan's Many Volcanoes. Volcano News | Volcanoes Today | Active Volcano Map . An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes. Tamu Massif is an extinct volcano underwater in the Pacific Ocean. Let's look at which countries have the most volcanoes now that we know how many volcanoes there are in the world. Ask students: Do you think that this chain comes from a hotspot in the mantle or plate tectonics? Pyroclastic flow is the fast-moving hot gas and matter, which is what BYU researchers studied when finding Wah Wah Springs. This number can always change because there's never really a 100% sure way of knowing if a volcano is . An extinct volcano by definition is dead volcano, which has not erupted in the last 10,000 years and is not expected to ever erupt again. Then, have students compare the locations of the active volcanoes to the extinct volcanoes. 80 % of its surface! An extinct volcano hasn't erupted in a long time and is believed to have no activity in the future at all. This differs from dormant volcanoes that still can erupt at any given moment. Scientists estimate that there are over 1,500 active volcanoes in the world. What do you call a volcano that hasnt erupted in 200 years? Jos R. Ralat is Texas Monthlys taco editor, writing about tacos and Mexican food. Ben Nevis, the tallest mountain in the United Kingdom. Should you be concerned about supervolcanoes and volcanic activity in this part of the United States? This is why its peak is spindly and horn-shaped. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Waw an Namus translates to oasis of mosquitos.. These buttes represent the only lava flow thats occurred in the Central Valley of California. Subjects > Sciences > Natural Sciences. This differs from dormant volcanoes that still can erupt at any given moment. The Yellowstone super volcano last erupted about 640,000 years ago and its caldera is about 40 miles (64 km) wide. So new volcanic activity is not possible now or in the near future. The country of Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory. At present, there are about 600 volcanoes that have had known eruptions during recorded history, while about 50-70 volcanoes are active (erupting) each year. Illustrated with 200 spectacular photographs, Volcano is a fascinating visual journey around the globe, selecting the most striking live and extinct volcanoes from Alaska to Antarctica, from Tanzania to Tasmania, from Kamchatka in Russia's far east to Indonesia and the Philippines. Its currently cut off from magma by more than 19 miles of the earths crust so its believed itll never erupt again. Slieve Gullion, County Armagh - site of the most famous ring dyke in the world. An official website of the United States government. There are more than 1,500 volcanoes that could be active today. For more details, look at what the Smithsonian Institution says about this question. (compilers) (1996). Quick Answer: How Do Volcanoes Become Extinct, Question: How Many Volcanoes In The World, Quick Answer: What Kind Of A Volcano Is Mount Rainier, Quick Answer: How Many Active Volcanoes Are There In The World, Quick Answer: How Many Active Volcanoes Are There In The World Today, Quick Answer: Which Country Has The Most Active Volcanoes In The World, Question: Which Volcano Is The Biggest In The World, Where Is The Largest Volcano In The World. Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea. 0. Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates; Malumalu: Last 8,000 years Ta'u-931: 3054: 30,000 years ago: Ofu-Olosega: 639: 2096: 1866 unnamed submarine cone eruption Volcanoes in the Cascade Range and the . U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program FAQs: "There are about 169 volcanoes in the United States that scientists consider active. Manukau volcano: 474: 1555 A volcano is one of the most fascinating natural phenomena on earth. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. What is the strongest volcano in the world? Within those, 108 are active, with 2 new volcanoes appearing in 2011, and another in 2017, raising the total to 111 active volcanoes. Today, there are approximately 1,500 active volcanoes around the world. Mount Everest is not an active volcano. Kilauea volcano in Hawaii is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth . a volcano considered unlikely to erupt again. A volcano which has not erupted in the past 10,000 years is often listed as extinct. Can College Sports Get More Absurd Than SMU Joining the Pac-12? Given what they know about the active volcanoes, have students identify the past source of the extinct volcano.To extend this activity, have students research and plot the locations of the other volcanoes in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. Before we said goodbye, we hugged, and he pressed a geologic map of the park, now a little soggy, into my hands. (The summit of Pilot Knob is owned by the City of Austin, off-limits to casual visitors.) Home Travel How Many Extinct Volcanoes Are There In The World. You can reach her at lpeery@thespectrum.com and follow her on Twitter @LexiFP. While a potential eruption of the supervolcano that lies beneath this iconic park may garner more alarming headlines, the more likely hazard is a major earthquake. "Imagine the devastation it would have been catastrophic to anything living within hundreds of miles," he stated in the 2013 release. The volcanoes were much more recent, so theyre very striking. He promised to send me more research material, and I thanked him profusely, inspired to learn more. Mount Slemish is the remnants of a plug of a much larger volcano. There are many paths to becoming a volcanologist. Collapsed domes happen when the roof of a volcano falls into the magma chamber fueling the volcano from underneath. Once that happens, the magma (molten rock) will rise toward the surface (it floats). In addition, about 10 percent of the more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years are located in the United States. There is a large crater in the center of the moon. This is a PAMS #volcano introduced in the Magma Reservoir Architecture workshop, U.K., early next week pic.twitter.com/80vsB0N5F4. See answer (1) Best Answer. Volcanoes of the World: an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions. When was the last time a volcano erupted in Victoria? 3. Can an eruption at one volcano trigger an eruption at another volcano? What countries have 7 volcanoes? Dormant volcanos are the volcanoes that are quiet, but might possibly erupt again. Dhinodhar Hills: Gujarat: Extinct: Inactive Volcano Volcanoes that havent erupted in the last 10,000 years are often considered extinct. In the sky! Pilot Knob appears today as a modest, low-slung hill, but according to Long, it was much bigger when it was alive, approximately 80 million years ago. Youll also get a clear view of a feeder dike that delivered basalt to the upper lava flow.Highlight:In his book El Camino del Rio: The River Road, the late naturalist, author, and Big Bend Ranch tour guide David Alloway described this site as looking like fingers of dark rock rising vertically through buff volcanic ash.Viewpoint: Travel west from Lajitas on the River Road (FM 170), until you see highway signs for Arenosa Campground. The geologic forcesthat generatedvolcanoes in the eastern United States millions of years ago no longer exist. And You Thought Feral Hogs Were Bad. No. Hope you enjoyed this answer. Every mountain on the planet . There are about 169 volcanoes in the United States that scientists consider active. Atitln. In 1990, the most recent eruption was dated to c. 25,000 BP. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Understanding where volcanoes come from and how they form is an important part of understanding their impact on human civilization and the environment. I reached out to Leon Long, a professor emeritus of geology at the University of Texas at Austin, for answers. Top 10 Stunning Volcanoes Around the World 10. The city of Naples and Vesuvius volcano - perhaps THE volcano Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: Planet's Earth closest sister, Venus, is not only similar in size and composition, but also has volcanic activity. Lahar and pyroclastic flow are two lesser-known effects of volcanoes but are worth noting. Many aspects of our daily lifeare vulnerable to volcano hazards,including air travel, regionalpower generation and transmissioninfrastructure, interstatetransportatio, Volcanic eruptions happen in the State of California about as frequently as the largest earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault Zone. Stuff from below the earths surface comes to the top when they erupt. The remaining rock that had surrounded the plug has eroded over time. Since then, scientists have verified and refined this theory, and now have a much better understanding of how our planet has been shaped by plate-tectonic processes. Since then, scientists have verified and refined this theory, and now have a much better understanding of how our planet has been shaped by plate-tectonic processes. This volcano burned fast and brightly before it went extinct. There are active volcanoes in every part of the world. The Lava Creek super volcano last erupted about 630,000 years ago and its caldera is about 28 miles (45 km) wide. what extinct volcanoes are there in the world? Name Elevation Location Last eruption metres feet Coordinates; Brothers Seamount-1350-4400 Clark Seamount-860-2800: Cole (volcano) . . List of active volcanoes includes volcanoes which are erupting, or have erupted in modern times. Taupo is currently dormant and tends to have an eruption once every thousand years or so. The Most Active Volcano of The Philippines. List of extinct volcanoes . Where does the United States rank in the number of volcanoes? One very popular pie on the menu is the volcano, which looks a lot like the surrounding landscape of the area. Official websites use .gov A dormant volcano is an active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt again. 4. This extinct volcano last erupted around 250,000 years ago. The last eruption occurred sometime between 1480 and 1600 according to scientific records. Copy. ", According to the United States Geological Survey,the probability of another supervolcanic event in Yellowstone in the next few thousand years is "exceedingly low. (In contrast, volcanoes that are considered extinct have not erupted in at least 10,000 years, and are not expected to do so again for another . Volcanoes portal; Geology portal; . What are the top 10 largest volcanoes in the world? Official websites use .gov Tamu Massif in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. How Many Extinct Volcanoes Are There In The World. The Nut in Tasmania Australia. There are many examples of extinct volcanoes. And the less severe, the more common it turns out to be, which is very fortunate for us.". Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. Maintaining our website and our free apps does require, however, considerable time and resources. Capulin Volcano National Monuments namesake erupted between 56,000 and 62,000 years ago and is now considered extinct. Hundreds of articles have been written about the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, at Indonesias Mt. Volcanoes are scary and they are destructive with the capability to transform a landscape at any given moment. We're aiming to achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and your donations can make it happen! In New Mexico at the time of this volcano's development, there was a large amount of lava, ash, and volcanic action transpiring. Famous Volcanoes in the World. Answer (1 of 9): There are about 1,350 potentially active volcanoes worldwide, aside from the continuous belts of volcanoes on the ocean floor at spreading centers like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The episode left me wondering: Whats the story of volcanoes in Texas? As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Brigham Young University researchers found out about Wah Wah Springs only in 2013. Extinct volcanoes includes volcanoes which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again. Excluding steam eruptions, these volcanoes have shown activity: Mount St. Helens, Washington - Eruptions and/or lava dome growth occurred in the late 1700s, 1800-1857, 1980-1986, and 2004-2008. Trace fossils, where prehistoric creatures had burrowed many millions of years ago, were everywhere. In the course of history, approximately 500 of the 1,350 volcanoes have erupted. Volcanoes have been erupting in the Cascade Range for over 500,000 years. In the interior of some tectonic plates, magma has been erupting from a relatively fixed spot below the plate for millions of years. New Zealand also has de facto administration over Ross Dependency in Antarctica, which contains the following volcanoes: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Erosion can make supervolcanoes hard to find, but by discovering and measuring lava flows in the region,researchers were able to map out Wah Wah Springs on the border of Utah and Nevada, near Enterprise. Apart from Pacific Ring of Fire, active volcanoes are also found in Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and other places. See full answer below. Also the hiking trail from Davis Mountains State Park to the Fort Davis National Historic Site. Which volcanoes in the conterminous United States have erupted since the Nation was founded? What kind of school training do you need to become a volcanologist? Discover the Deepest Canyon in the World, 10 Mountains In California Worth Climbing, 10 Tallest Mountains In The United States, Volcanoes that havent erupted in the last 10,000 years, Discover the Deepest Canyon in the World (3X Deeper than the Grand Canyon! Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Its a bird, its a plane! Location: Big Bend National ParkVolcanism: Here you can see basalt lava rocks and pyroclastic debris (or fiery pieces, including the namesake tuff or hardened volcanic ash) that were expelled from the Chisos volcanoes 2930 million years ago.Highlight: Marvel at the volcanic glass thats melted into rock draperies.Viewpoint: Theres a pullout and parking lot with several accessible viewpoints. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology classifies volcanoes according to its eruptive history Active Volcanoes Erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these eruptions were documented by man erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of material from young volcanic deposits. A Texas geological highway map is available at the Bureau of Economic Geology, which has an excellent online store. The U.S. Geological Survey assesses and monitors hazards at volcanoes within the United States and its territories. In case you didnt know, Texass fascinatingly diverse geology was formed in no small part by periods of violent volcanism that occurred between about 27 million and 80 million years ago. In September 2004, USGS scientists detected sudden, but unmistakable, signs that Mount St. Helens was waking up. for "sleeping"), this means that it has not erupted in some time, but that it is due to blow again. This chart shows 13 volcanoes on a map of Washington, Oregon, and northern California and time lines for each showing the ages of their eruptions. This extinct volcano last erupted about 60,000 years back and it isn't envisioned to erupt once again. Yellowstone still has frequent volcanic activity, and some people think were overdue for another big one (which if youre talking in the span of thousands of years, maybe), according to local scientistRon Smith. Its surrounded by black tephra. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. A stop date with " (continuing)" indicates that the eruption was considered to be ongoing as of the date indicated. Cascade volcanoes tend to erupt explosively, and on average two eruptions occur per centurythe most recent were at Mount St. Helens, Washington (198086 and 20048), and Lassen Peak, California (191417). Its the remnants of a shield volcano and its slopes are gradual at no more than 1 degree on average. Highlight: From Dell City, you can also see El Capitan to the east (its magnificent at sunrise).Viewpoint: The best physical access point to the mountains is from the New Mexico side, but they can be viewed on U.S. 62, driving west toward El Paso. A giant insect nicknamed the tree lobster was thought to be extinct for 80 years, but was rediscovered in 2001 on a remnant of an ancient volcano peak in the middle of the ocean. Ive always loved driving around my home state to see its natural wonders. Compared to more recent volcanic events, it was 5,000 times larger than the eruption at Mount St. Helen's in 1980. Highlight: Viewed to the east as sundown approaches, the reddish hue of the rhyolites and ignimbrites adds to the impression of a rugged volcano.Viewpoint: Ross Maxwell Drive en route to Santa Elena Canyon. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), there are about 1,350 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. Name Elevation Coordinates Last eruption meters . The gorgeous St Anna crater lake of #Ciomadul volcano, east #Carpathians, Romania: the site of the latest eruption of eastern-central Europe at 32ka. There are many types of volcanoes; one of the most notable features is submarine volcanoes or under the ocean volcanoes. Well known extinct volcanoes in New Mexico include Mount Taylor, the Jemez Mountains, the Albuquerque volcanoes, and Capulin volcano. 3. Slemish Mountain, County Antrim - open all year round. Scientists have a hard time telling the difference between dormant and extinct volcanoes for a variety of reasons but there are a few rules of thumb. Alphabetical list of volcanoes Find out all there is about a particular volcano. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Veyo is famous for its pies. There is no definitive evidence that an eruption at one volcano can trigger an eruption at a volcano thats hundreds of kilometers/miles away or on a different continent. This answer is: Study guides. Some have been there for years, some appear only after weather changes and snow deposits moves. There are many examples of extinct volcanoes. Wah Wah Springs released 30 times more ash and debris than the infamous Yellowstone explosion though, Smith said. For the first time since May 2021, ACTIVE flows are now occurring inside Halemaumau Crater at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Volcanoes are points in the earths crust that allow for the release of magma, gasses, and ash. . It is the first volcanic eruption on the island since the eruption of Tenegua in 1971.2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption. Dormant volcanoes are typically considered active volcanoes, because they have erupted since the last ice age, but are currently not erupting. The most recent eruption was 26,000 years ago when a VEI 8 eruption ejected 727 cubic miles of volcanic material into the air. Some like to think its one of the largest shield volcanoes in the solar system, but that isnt necessarily true as it may have been formed with the help of tectonic plates. The Mountain is Sleeping: Dormant volcanoes are active volcanoes that are not currently erupting. Rock dating methods indicate that eruptions here lasted about three million years, ending about 20 million years ago. 2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment, The Volcano Disaster Assistance ProgramHelping to save lives worldwide for more than 30 years, U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards ProgramAssess, forecast, prepare, engage, The California Volcano Observatory: Monitoring the state's restless volcanoes, Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes - Past, present, and future, Eruptions in the Cascade Range during the past 4,000 years, Historically active volcanoes in Alaska - a quick reference, Living with volcanic risk in the Cascades, This dynamic earth: the story of plate tectonics.